if 語句格式
if 條件
then
Command
else
Command
fi 別忘了這個(gè)結(jié)尾
If語句忘了結(jié)尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi if 的三種條件表達(dá)式
if
command
then if
函數(shù)
then
命令執(zhí)行成功，等于返回0 （比如grep ,找到匹配）
執(zhí)行失敗，返回非0 （grep,沒找到匹配）
if [ expression_r_r_r ]
then 表達(dá)式結(jié)果為真，則返回0，if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then 表達(dá)式結(jié)果為假，則返回非0，if把非0值引向then
[ ] ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
可以理解為then
如果左邊的表達(dá)式為真則執(zhí)行右邊的語句 shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區(qū)別
shell if c語言if
0為真，走then 正好相反，非0走then
不支持整數(shù)變量直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ] 但支持字符串變量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
支持變量直接if
if (i )
以多條command或者函數(shù)作為if 條件
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
echo –n “input:”
read user if
多條指令,這些命令之間相當(dāng)于“and”（與）
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
who -u | grep $user
then 上邊的指令都執(zhí)行成功,返回值$?為0，0為真，運(yùn)行then
echo "$user has logged"
else 指令執(zhí)行失敗，$?為1，運(yùn)行else
echo "$user has not logged"
fi
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged 以函數(shù)作為if條件 (函數(shù)就相當(dāng)于command,函數(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是其return值可以自定義)
if
以函數(shù)作為if條件，
getyn
then 函數(shù)reture值0為真，走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else 函數(shù)return值非0為假，走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi if command 等價(jià)于 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found $ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found
傳統(tǒng)if 從句子——以條件表達(dá)式作為 if條件
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
if [ 條件表達(dá)式 ]
then
command
command
command
else
command
command
fi
條件表達(dá)式
if [ -f file ] 如果文件存在
if [ -d ... ] 如果目錄存在
if [ -s file ] 如果文件存在且非空
if [ -r file ] 如果文件存在且可讀
if [ -w file ] 如果文件存在且可寫
if [ -x file ] 如果文件存在且可執(zhí)行
if [ int1 -eq int2 ] 如果int1等于int2
if [ int1 -ne int2 ] 如果不等于
if [ int1 -ge int2 ] 如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ] 如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ] 如果=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ] 如果
字符串變量表達(dá)式
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
If [ $a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2
字符串允許使用賦值號(hào)做等號(hào)
if [ $string1 != $string2 ] 如果string1不等于string2
if [ -n $string ] 如果string 非空(非0），返回0(true)
if [ -z $string ] 如果string 為空
if [ $sting ] 如果string 非空，返回0 (和-n類似) 條件表達(dá)式引用變量要帶$
if [ a = b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal （等于表達(dá)式?jīng)]比較$a和$b,而是比較和a和b,自然a!=b) 改正：
if [ $a = $b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal
-eq -ne -lt -nt只能用于整數(shù)，不適用于字符串，字符串等于用賦值號(hào)=
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
期望整數(shù)形式，即-eq不支持字符串 =放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面沒有==的,那是c語言的等于
無空格的字符串，可以加" ",也可以不加
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 = 作為等于時(shí)，其兩邊都必須加空格，否則失效
等號(hào)也是操作符，必須和其他變量，關(guān)鍵字，用空格格開 (等號(hào)做賦值號(hào)時(shí)正好相反，兩邊不能有空格）
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等號(hào)兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
input is correct
輸錯(cuò)了也走then,都走then,為什么?
因?yàn)閕f把$var="yes"連讀成一個(gè)變量，而此變量為空，返回1，則走else [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
no
input error
一切正常 If [ $ANS ] 等價(jià)于 if [ -n $ANS ]
如果字符串變量非空（then） , 空(else)
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice: 回車
empth 說明“回車”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty
整數(shù)條件表達(dá)式，大于，小于，shell里沒有> 和 ,會(huì)被當(dāng)作尖括號(hào)，只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input a:"
read a
if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit 整數(shù)操作符號(hào)-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 別忘了加-
if test $a ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if test $a -ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
邏輯非 ! 條件表達(dá)式的相反
if [ ! 表達(dá)式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目錄$num
邏輯與 –a 條件表達(dá)式的并列
if [ 表達(dá)式1 –a 表達(dá)式2 ]
邏輯或 -o 條件表達(dá)式的或
if [ 表達(dá)式1 –o 表達(dá)式2 ]
邏輯表達(dá)式
表達(dá)式與前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
邏輯符號(hào)就正常的接其他表達(dá)式，沒有任何括號(hào)（ ），就是并列
if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]
注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的運(yùn)算符號(hào)搞混了
最常見的賦值形式，賦值前對(duì)=兩邊的變量都進(jìn)行評(píng)測(cè)
左邊測(cè)變量是否為空，右邊測(cè)目錄(值)是否存在（值是否有效）
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num" if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果變量$JHHOME為空，且$HOME/$num目錄存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num 則賦值
fi
echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
input is ppp
JHHOME is 目錄-d $HOME/$num 不存在，所以$JHHOME沒被then賦值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp 一個(gè)-o的例子，其中卻揭示了”=”必須兩邊留空格的問題
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
為什么輸入不是yes,結(jié)果仍是y(走then）
因?yàn)?被連讀了，成了變量$ANS="Yes"，而變量又為空，所以走else了
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read ANS echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y ===================以 test 條件表達(dá)式 作為if條件===================================
if test $num -eq 0 等價(jià)于 if [ $num –eq 0 ]
test 表達(dá)式,沒有 [ ]
if test $num -eq 0
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi
man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1) User Commands [(1) SYNOPSIS
test EXPRESSION
[ EXPRESSION ]
[-n] STRING
the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0條件
-z STRING
the length of STRING is zero
STRING1 = STRING2
the strings are equal
STRING1 != STRING2
the strings are not equal
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
FILE1 -nt FILE2
FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
FILE1 -ot FILE2
FILE1 is older than FILE2
-b FILE
FILE exists and is block special
-c FILE
FILE exists and is character special
-d FILE
FILE exists and is a directory
-e FILE
FILE exists 文件存在
-f FILE
FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件
-h FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
-L FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
-G FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
-O FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
-p FILE
FILE exists and is a named pipe
-s FILE
FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
-S FILE
FILE exists and is a socket
-w FILE
FILE exists and is writable
-x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
最常用的簡(jiǎn)化if語句
如果是“前面”，則“后面”
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 檢查 文件是否存在，如果存在就刪掉
|| 如果不是“前面”，則后面
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 檢驗(yàn)文件是否存在，如果存在就退出
用簡(jiǎn)化 if 和$1,$2,$3來檢測(cè)參數(shù)，不合理就調(diào)用help
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
[ -z "$1" ] help 如果第一個(gè)參數(shù)不存在（-z 字符串長(zhǎng)度為0 ）
[ "$1" = "-h" ] help 如果第一個(gè)參數(shù)是-h,就顯示help
例子
復(fù)制代碼 代碼如下:
#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1
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